Disability in the Middle East

A Bibliography Comprising Materials with Technical, Cultural and Historical Relevance to Child and Adult Disabilities, Special Needs, Social and Educational Responses and Rehabilitation

Compiled, introduced and annotated by M. Miles
West Midlands, U.K.
m99miles@hotmail.com

For a list of abbreviations used in this document, consult the glossary.

Items in English & European Languages:
1971 to 2007

ABD AL-RAHIM, Fathi (1992) Report on programmes and methods of care for disabled persons in Oman. In: Proceedings of the Conference on the Capabilities and Needs of Disabled Persons in the ESCWA Region: 20-28 November, 1989, Amman, Jordan, pp. 443-453. United Nations, Economic & Social Commission for Western Asia. E/ESCWA/SD/1992/2.

ABD AL-RAHIM, F (1992) Report on programmes and methods of care for disabled persons in the State of Qatar. In: Proceedings of the Conference on the Capabilities and Needs of Disabled Persons in the ESCWA Region: 20-28 November, 1989, Amman, Jordan, pp. 482-501. United Nations, Economic & Social Commission for Western Asia. E/ESCWA/SD/1992/2.

ABD AL-RAHIM, F (1992) Report on programmes and methods of care for disabled persons in the United Arab Emirates. In: Proceedings of the Conference on the Capabilities and Needs of Disabled Persons in the ESCWA Region: 20-28 November, 1989, Amman, Jordan, pp. 576-587. United Nations, Economic & Social Commission for Western Asia. E/ESCWA/SD/1992/2.

ABDEL-FATTAH, Mahmoud A (2005) Arabic Sign Language: a perspective. J. Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 10 (2) 212-221.
Discussion of Arabic Sign Languages (ARSL) from a comparative linguistic point of view, illuminating some of the unity and diversity currently found in perceptions of ARSL and their everyday practice across the Arab world.

ABDELGADIR, Muzamil H; BEYARI, Talal H; AL AMRI, Aladin H; QURESHI, Naseem A; ABUZEID, Abdel NA; & ZAAZAA, Khadiga (1996) An epidemiological and interventional study of children under 9 years of age with disabilities in Al-Qassim Region. Saudi Medical J. 17: 333-338.
Study of 190 children with disabilities attending urban Primary Health Care centres.

ABDEL-KHALEK AM (1996) Factorial structure of the Arabic Children's Depression Inventory among Kuwaiti subjects. Psychological Reports 78 (3, Pt 1): 963 967.
Study of 1,981 girls and boys aged 10-16.

ABD EL-KHALEK, Amira (2002) The cultural construction of disability. An ethnographic approach to women with disability in Egypt. Master's thesis, American University in Cairo.

ABD EL-KHALEK A (2004) The cultural construction of women with disability in Egypt: an ethnographic approach. MIT Electronic J. Middle East Studies 4: 91-106. http://web.mit.edu/www/mitejmes/
The daily lives are described of four physically disabled women, across the socio-economic spectrum in Egypt, living in widely different communities.

ABDELNOOR J (1992) What are the risks of having a child with congenital dislocation of the hip after having had an affected one? Lebanese Medical J. 40: 229.

ABDEL-WAHAB MS, SYAM M, ABOUL-ELA M & SAMIR A (2004) Arabic Sign Language recognition using pulse-coupled neural networks and discrete Fourier transforms. Egyptian Computer Science J. 26 (1).
http://net.shams.edu.eg/ecs/jan_04_a8.htm

ABDERRAHMAN Ibn Abdelkhaleq (2005) Le statut de l'Handicapé en Islam. Al Andalous. 62 pp.
[Not seen. On the web, the author states (in French) that he has summarised the instructions from Allah concerning disabled people, and hopes that this will enlighten them and their families and carers, about the teachings of Islam in their case.]

ABDI S, KHALESSI MH, KHORSANDI M & GHOLAMI B (2001) Introducing music as a means of habilitation for children with cochlear implants. International J. Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 59: 105-113.

"ABDOLAH, Kader" (2006) My Father's Notebook. Translated by Susan Massotty. HarperCollins. From Dutch original, Spijkerschrift, Breda: Uitgverij De Geus, 2000.
This remarkable book by an Iranian emigré is built around a deaf character, Aga Akbar, who was a carpet weaver in a village of Persia, and later moved to the modern world of Teheran. Aga Akbar is the father of the narrator, and together they communicate by 'home sign', which the son interprets to his father's rural world. Reflections on the culture, religion and history of Persia / Iran are cast in the format of a novel about various kinds of communication. The tale is imbued with the Qur'anic verses, Persian poetry and ceremonies of rural Muslim life, in a world that begins to change rapidly under political and religious pressures.

AL-ABDULGHAFOOR, Muhammad M (1988) Special educational needs in the State of Kuwait. Ph.D. thesis, University of Exeter, U.K. 412 pp.

AL-ABDUL-JABBAR, Jawahir & AL-ISSA, Ihsan (2002) Psychotherapy in Islamic society. In: I Al-Issa (Ed.) Al-Junun: mental illness in the Islamic world, 277-293. Madison, CT: International Universities Press, Inc.
Addresses issues concerning some different principles and techniques of psychotherapy as practised in Arab-Muslim nations and cultures.

ABDULKHEBIR, Amina (1991) Action plan for CBR in Taiz City, Republic of Yemen. London: Institute of Child Health.
Plan for Community Based Rehabilitation.

ABDULLAH, Ahmad Abbas (1982) Developmental differences in WISC subtests among children with learning problems in Kuwait. Ph.D. thesis, Univ Southern California.

ABDULLAH, Mohamed A; SALMAN, Hussain; AL-HABIB, Sulaiman; GHAREEB, Abdulrahman; & ABANAMY, Ahmed (1994) Antithyroid antibodies and thyroid dysfunction in Saudi children with Down Syndrome. Annals of Saudi Medicine 14: 283-285.
Thyroid study of 50 children with Down Syndrome and matched control group.

ABDULRAHAM, Ali H (1987) Principals' attitudes toward the inclusion of handicapped students in regular schools in the State of Kuwait. Ed.D. thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University. 142 pp.

ABDULWAHAB SS & AL-GAIN SI (2003) Attitudes of Saudi Arabian health care professionals towards people with physical disabilities. Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation J., 14 (1) 63-70.
http://www.aifo.it/english/resources/online/apdrj/journal.htm

ABDUR-RAHIM, Fath El-Aleem, AL-HAMAD, Abdur-Razzak, CHALEBY, Kutaiba, & AL-SUBAIE, Abdullah (1995) A survey of a child psychiatry clinic in a teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical J. 17: 36-41.
Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in 199 children aged 0-15, from 1/1988 to 12/1993.

ABEDI, Rashida (1988) From Sound to Silence. London: Hobo Press. 45 pp. Deaf biography.

ABOLFOTOUH, Mostafa A & TELMESANI A (1993) A study of some psycho-social characteristics of blind and deaf male students in Abha City, Asir region, Saudi Arabia. Public Health 107: 261-269.

ABOLFOTOUH MA, GHIETH, Mostafa M & BADAWI, Ibrahim A (1995) Hearing loss and other ear problems among schoolboys in Abha, Saudi Arabia. Annals of Saudi Medicine. 15: 323-326.
In a study of 974 schoolboys, aged 6 to 12 years, 2.7% had moderate to severe hearing loss; 26.9% had some ear problem.

ABO MELHA, Abdullah M, & AL-RAJEH, Saad (1987) The pattern and type of seizure disorders among a selected group of Saudi Arabian children. Saudi Medical J. 8: 583-591.
Study of 461 children aged 0-12 years with seizures. Patterns were similar to those in European studies.

ABRAMS JZ & GAVENTA W (Eds.) (2006) Jewish Perspectives on Theology and the Human Experience of Disability. Haworth Pastoral Press. (Also published as J. Religion, Disability & Health 10 (double issue 3/4).
This book (and journal double-issue) embraces a wide field of scholarly and personal approaches to theology, practical applications, community undertakings, and first-hand accounts, bringing in viewpoints on disability from Orthodox, Conservative and Reformed teaching, with 16 named contributors from four continents, a 'Responsa Committa' of American rabbis, and other group contributions. The various articles have many points of confluence and some of disagreement, as they draw evidence and enter into debate at different moments across 3000 years of slowly evolving social attitudes and religious practices. Some present the highest ideals that Judaism can offer; others are more concerned with the gap between ideal and practice, in the several countries represented.

ABU-AL-HUMOS N (1990) The reality of educational institutions for people with disability in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Hebron, West Bank, Research Centre: Association of University Graduates. [Author appears elsewhere as: ABU HOMMOS.]

ABU GHAZALEH, Hatem; ABU GHAZALEH, Kawthar A; & OAKLAND, Thomas (1990) Primary and secondary prevention services provided to mentally handicapped infants, children and youth in the Gaza Strip. International J. Special Education 5: 21-27.

ABU HABIB, Lina (1995) 'Women and disability don't mix!': double discrimination and disabled women's rights. Gender & Development 3: 49-53.

ABU-HABIB L (Ed.) (1997) Gender and Disability. Women's experiences in the Middle East. Oxford: Oxfam. vi + 97 pp. Includes several case studies from Lebanon. See below: BOUKHARI; FAHD et al.; LAKKIS.

ABU NAHLEH, Lamis (2003) Promoting the Status of Gender: the Community Rehabilitation Program in Palestine. Jerusalem: Diakonia, and NAD (Norwegian Association of the Disabled).

ABU NASR, Julinda (1976) Perceptual-cognitive development in infancy. In: CE Walters (Ed.) Mother-Infant Interaction. New York: Human Sciences Press.

ABU NASR J; MAKHOULI, Mary & LORFING, Irini (1980) The Development of Three to Six Year-Old Lebanese Children and Their Environment. Beirut Institute for Women's Studies in the Arab World, Monograph No. 3. University of Beirut. x + 147 + 5 pp. Pilot studies on national sample in 1975, by interviews with questionnaire. Cognitive development was tested with a developmental scale standardised at Beirut University College Preschool Laboratory.

ABU-RABIA S (1997) Reading in Arabic orthography: the effect of vowels and context on reading accuracy of poor and skilled native Arabic readers in reading paragraphs, sentences, and isolated words. J. Psycholinguistic Research 26: 465 482.

AL-ADAWI S; DORVLO AS; AL-ISMAILY SS; AL-GHAFRY DA; AL-NOOBI BZ; AL-SALMI A; BURKE DT; SHAH MK; GHASSANY H; & CHAND SP (2002) Perception of and attitude toward mental illness in Oman. International J. Social Psychiatry 48: 305-317.

AL-ADAWI S; AL-ISMAILY S; MARTIN R; AL-NAAMANI A; AL-RIYAMY K; AL-MASKARI M & AL-HUSSAINI A (2001) Psychosocial aspects of epilepsy in Oman: attitudes of health personnel. Epilepsia 42 (11) 1476-1481.

ADI, Helen (1971) A comparison between blind and sighted children in terms of conservation of natural numbers. M.S. thesis, American University of Beirut. vii + 58 pp.

AFIFI IA, LAROCCA JM, & SANBER SR (1988) Evaluation of the Home Based Rehabilitation Programs for Disabled Children in the West Bank and Gaza strip. Washington D.C.: USAID.

AFROOZ, Gholam Ali (1987) Attitude assessment of Iranian regular school teachers toward handicapped individuals. Ph.D. dissertation, College of Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing.

AFROOZ GA (1990) Development of special education in the Islamic Republic of Iran. International J. Special Education 10: 392-400.

AFROOZ GA (1993) Education and special education in cross-cultural perspective: the Islamic Republic of Iran. In: SJ Peters (Ed.) Education and Disability in Cross-Cultural Perspective, 93-125. New York: Garland.
Detailed overview of the background, development and present status of special education in Iran.

AFROOZ GA (1994) Islamic Republic of Iran. In: K Mazurek & M Winzer (Eds.) Comparative Studies in Special Education, 88-99. Washington D.C.: Gallaudet University Press.

AHMAD, Abdulbaghi & MOHAMAD, Kirmanj (1996) The socioemotional development of orphans in orphanages and traditional foster care in Iraqi Kurdistan. Child Abuse and Neglect 20: 1161-1173.

AHMED AA; AL-ALAWI E; FATEHA BED; & SIBAI AM (2002) Population-basd visual disability impairment survey in Bahrain. Saudi J. Ophthalmology 16 (4) 279-287.

AHY, Homa (1977) Iran. In: Integration of Technical and Vocational Education into Special Education. Austria, Colombia, Iran, Tunisia, 129-142. Paris: UNESCO.
Review by (then) Director-General of Special Education (department established in 1969). Suggests that Iranian policy always favoured integration of disabled children. Discusses the employment picture. Appends school curricula for children with various disabilities.

AKBARLOO N & GHADAMI M (2000) The study of psycho-educational variables affect[ing] educational achievement of included hearing impaired students in Iran -2001. In: Proceedings of 5th International Special Education Congress, University of Manchester, July 2000. (CD–Rom).

AKCAMETE G (1999) Improving question skills for students with hearing impairment. European J. Special Needs Education 14: 171-177.
Special needs education in Turkey.

AKHDAR, Fathi Muhammad Hasan (1994) Childhood disability in Saudi Arabia: parents' perceptions and experiences. Ph.D. thesis, Instt. Child Health, University of London. 291 pp.
With some background data, the study reports a series of 20-25 hour-long interviews with 31 families having a child with severe impairment, and associated key informants, and describes key processes in families' recognition, reactions, acceptance and coping with their child's impairment.

AKHLAGHI-KOHPAI, Hossein (1989) Die sonderschulische Förderung im Iran: eine kritische Analyse und der Versuch eines Entwicklungskonzepts. Ph.D. thesis, Philipps-Universität Marburg/Lahn. v + 143 pp.
Critical study of the development of special education in Iran.

AKIKI, Issam (1981) Les handicapés au Liban. Beirut: CARITAS.
Statistical study. [Also may be listed under IKIKI]

AKKÖK, Füsun (1994) An overview of parent training and counselling with the parents of children with mental disabilities and autism in Turkey. International J. Advancement of Counselling 17: 129-138.

AKKÖK F (1997) The role of various social support variables on Turkish children's anxiety level. Mediterranean J. Educational Studies 2: 71-77.

AKKÖK F (2000) Reflections from the Turkish parents of children with disabilities. In: Proceedings of 5th International Special Education Congress, University of Manchester, July 2000. (CD–Rom).

AKKÖK F (2000) Special education research: a Turkish perspective. Exceptionality 8: 273-279.
Brief historical perspective. Notes the centrally controlled context for educational research, and the available research in special education from the 1990s. Qualitative studies, public awareness and attitude change, and involvement of parents and NGOs are growth areas.

AKKOK F, et al. (1996) The relationship between stress and causal attributions of mothers and fathers of children with mental disabilities and autism. 15 pp. ERIC ED404815.

AKSOY, Sahin (2005) Making regulations and drawing up legislation in Islamic countries under conditions of uncertainty, with special reference to embryonic stem cell research. J. Medical Ethics 31: 399-403.
Gives a succinct description of the sources of authority and methods by which moral and ethical issues are discussed among Muslim jurists and scholars, and a consensus may be reached for legal rulings on new issues. As a professional bioethicist, Aksoy examines the Qur'anic basis and some hadiths (reported sayings of the prophet Muhammad), for understanding the status of the human embryo and fetal development, upon which ethical decisions may be taken. Among the most important Qur'anic references are: 32 (as-Sajdah): 8-9; 23 (al-Mu'minun): 13-14. Two hadiths in al-Buhkari's collection explain how the embryo is formed and established. The available texts may suggest either that 'ensoulment' of the embryo takes place 120 days after conception, or between 49 and 55 after conception, with some consequences for issues of stem cell use, and others for questions of abortion.

AKYUZ G; KUGU N; AKYUZ A; & DOGAN O (2004) Dissociation and childhood abuse history in epileptic and pseudoseizure patients. Epileptic Disorders 6: 187-192.
Study of 63 patients at a psychiatric hospital in Turkey.

AL-ALAWI KI (1990) Vocational guidance for mildly mentally handicapped adolescents in Britain and its possible relevance to Bahrain. Ph.D. thesis, University of Manchester.

ALDEEB Abu-Sahlieh SA (1994) Les Musulmans face aux droits de l'homme. Bochum: Verlag Dr Deiter Winkler. [Note: Author spells his own name as above in his reference list. The title page gives Abu-Salieh]
Detailed, wide-ranging and well referenced work on historical understandings of human rights in Islam and current interpretations and legal practice across the Arab world. In a chapter on Abortion and Birth Control (pp. 42-52), the classical Jurists are shown to have had different positions on abortion, from total prohibition, to permission up to the 40th or the 120th day of pregnancy, or at any time in a special case, e.g. serious risk to the mother. Current Arab laws are mostly prohibitive, but Tunisian law reportedly permits termination in the first trimester. A source states that South Yemen permits abortion when a family with three children has no means to raise further children, or in case of fetal malformation (p. 47). A fatwa of the Academy of Muslim Law, of the World Muslim League, based on legal advice of Muhammad `Ali Al-Bar, issued in 1990, reportedly permits abortion of a deformed fetus in the first 120 days of pregnancy, but no later unless the mother's life is at risk.

ALGHAMDI MAA; OLNEY S & COSTIGAN P (2004) Exercise treatment for Osteoarthritis disability. Annals of Saudi Medicine 24 (5) 326-331.

ALGHAZO EM & GAAD EN (2004) General education teachers in the United Arab Emirates and their acceptance of the inclusion of students with disabilities. British J. Special Education 31: 94-99.

ALIZADEH, Hamid & ANDRIES, Caroline (2002) Interaction of parenting styles and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Iranian parents. Child & Family Behavior Therapy 24: 37-52.

ALLEN, Louise F (1989) The Situation of Children in Upper Egypt. Cairo: UNICEF. 156 pp.

ALSHUBALI AF; AWADALLA AW; OHAERI JU & MABROUK AA (2007) Relationship of depression, disability and caregiver attitudes to the quality of life of Kuwaiti persons with multiple sclerosis: a controlled study. BMC Neurology (18 Sept. 2007) 7:31.

ANGELIDES, Panayiotis; CHARALAMBOUS, Charis; & CHARALAMBOUS, Vrasidas (2004) Reflections on policy and practice of inclusive education in pre-primary schools in Cyprus. European J. Special Needs Education 19: 211-223.

ANON (1975) National Organisation For the Protection of Children (NOPC), Iran. In: Report. 2nd Asian Conference on Mental Retardation, 68-71. Tokyo: Japan League for the Mentally Retarded.
Activities of NOPC, including residential centres for mentally retarded children.

AL-ANSARI, Ahmed (1987) Trends of psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents in Bahrain. International J. Social Psychiatry 33: 46-49.

AL-ANSARI A (1989) Prevalence estimates of physical disability in Bahrain: a household survey. International Disability Studies 11: 21-24.

AL-ANSARI A (1993) Etiology of mild mental retardation among Bahraini children: a community-based case control study. Mental Retardation 31: 140-143.

AL-ANSARI A (1993) Teacher report versus Adaptive Behaviour Scale in assessment of mental retardation. Mental Retardation 31: 256-257.
Study among Bahraini schoolchildren.

ANSARI SA & AKHDAR F (1998) Prevalence of child disability in Saudi Arabia. Disability & Rehabilitation 20: 25-28.

ANSARI S, AKHDAR F & MOUTAERY K (1999) Recognizing child disability. International J. Rehabilitation Research 22: 239-242.
Survey-based discussion of problems in early identification of infant impairments in Saudi Arabia.

AOUN A & NAFFAH J (1986) Malformations foetales à répétition. Lebanese Medical J. 36: 133-137.

ARAB Declaration on Work with the Disabled (1981) Prepared at the Kuwait Regional Conference on the Disabled, April 1981.

ARABIC Dictionary for deaf issued (2001, October 21) Bahrain Tribune.
http://www.bah-molsa.com/english/news/news21-10-2001d.htm [Link no longer active]

ARASIL, Tansu & KAYHAN, Önder (1997) The status of rehabilitation in Turkey. Disability and Rehabilitation 19: 379-381.
Review of some 70 years of practice in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. In 1997 Turkey had about 800 specialist physiatrists and about 1300 trained physiotherapists. Several relevant journals are produced within the country.

AL-ARFAJ AA; MAGBOOL GM; COREA JR; & KUTTY MS (1992) Upper limb deformities: results of school screening programme in the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical J. 13: 147-150.
Among 26,662 school children, 182 were found with upper limb disorders.

ARKAR H & EKER D (1994) Effects of psychiatric labels on attitudes toward mental illness in a Turkish sample. International J. Social Psychiatry 40: 205-213.

ARORA, Satish & UN Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia [ESCWA] (1992) Implementation of the World Programme of Action concerning Disabled Persons: a profile of the ESCWA region. In: Proceedings of the Conference on the Capabilities and Needs of Disabled Persons in the ESCWA Region: 20-28 November, 1989, Amman, Jordan, pp. 65-86. United Nations, Economic & Social Commission for Western Asia. E/ESCWA/SD/1992/2.

ASINDI AA, AL HIFZI I, & BASSUNI WA (1997) Major congenital malformations among Saudi infants admitted to Asir Central Hospital. Annals of Saudi Medicine 17: 250-253.

ASINDI A & AL-SHEHRI A (2001) Neural tube defects in the Asir region of Saudi Arabia. Annals of Saudi Medicine 21 (1-2) 26-29.

ASMAN, Oren (2004) Abortion in Islamic countries - legal and religious aspects. Medicine and Law (Haifa) 23 (1) 73-89.
The legality of abortion, in countries where the Qur'an and the practice of the prophet Muhammad are dominant authorities, varies with the interpretations of religious scholars. Different views are shown (p. 79) on whether a deformity in the fetus, discovered before 120 days of pregnancy, may justify abortion. (This section relies on evidence collected by Rispler-Chaim 1999, q.v.) The author classifies current laws in various Muslim states as conservative, lenient or liberal.

AL-ASMARI A; AL MOUTAERY K; AKHDAR F & AL-JADID M (2006) Cerebral palsy: incidence and clinical features in Saudi Arabia. Disability and Rehabilitation 28 (22) 1373-1377.

ASSALEH, Khaled & AL-ROUSAN M (2005) Recognition of Arabic Sign Language alphabet using polynomial classifiers. EURASIP J. on Applied Signal Processing 13: 2136-2145.

ASSEFI V (1982) La lèpre en Iran. Acta Leprologica 89: 53-60.

ASSEFI V, GAULIER M & GAULIER A (1984) Contribution à l'étude de la lèpre et de la vaccination au BCG chez les enfants des lépreux et les contacts non familiaux en Iran. Acta Leprologica 2: 29-45.

ASSOCIATION of Institutions for the Welfare of Special Categories and the Disabled (1988) Report discussing factors which limit the employment of newly rehabilitation disabled persons. [Cairo]

AL-ATTAS, Omer & SULIMAN, Riyad A (1993) Iodine concentrations in Saudi staple foods. Saudi Medical J. 14: 322-324.

EL-AWAD ME & SIVASANKARAN (1992) Neural tube defects in the Southwestern Region of Saudi Arabia. Annals of Saudi Medicine 12: 449-452.

AYDIN R, YIGIT A, INANDI T & KIRPINAR I (2003) Attitudes of hospital staff toward mentally ill patients in a teaching hospital, Turkey. International J. Social Psychiatry 49: 17-26.

AZIZ, Hasan (1993) Epilepsy: prevalence, stigma, treatment, status and psychosocial problems; based on population studies in Pakistan and Turkey. In: D Kirbas & M Leonardi (Eds.) Reports of a WHO meeting; Neurology and Public Health. Istanbul BiTAM.

AZIZI F, SARSHAR A, NAFARABADI M, GHAZI A, KIMIAGAR M, et al. (1993) Impairment of neuromotor and cognitive development in iodine-deficient schoolchildren with normal physical growth. Acta Endocrinologica 129: 501-504.
Study in three areas of Iran with different levels of iodine deficiency.

AZIZI F, SHEIKHOLESLAM R, HEDAYATI M, MIRMIRAN P, MALEKAFZALI H, et al. (2002) Sustainable control of iodine deficiency in Iran: beneficial results of the implementation of the mandatory law on salt iodization. J. Endocrinological Investigation 25: 409-413.
Study of 36,178 schoolchildren, two years after mandatory salt iodization (1994), suggests that Iran had achieved sustainable control of iodine deficiency disorders.

AZOUNI, Rashika (1992) The situation of disabled persons in the Syrian Arab Republic. In: Proceedings of the Conference on the Capabilities and Needs of Disabled Persons in the ESCWA Region: 20-28 November, 1989, Amman, Jordan, pp. 528-575. United Nations, Economic & Social Commission for Western Asia. E/ESCWA/SD/1992/2.

BAASHER, Taha (1976) Mental Health services in Eastern Mediterranean countries. World Health Organisation Chronicle 30: 234-239.

BAASHER TA (1978) Mental health services for children in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. International J. Mental Health 7 (1-2) 49-64.

BADR IA & QURESHI IH (1983) Causes of blindness in the Eastern Province blind schools. Saudi Medical J. 4: 331-338.

BAFAQEEH SA, ZAKZOUK S, AL MUHAIMEID H, ESSA A (1994) Relevant demographic factors and hearing impairment in Saudi children: epidemiological study. J. Laryngology and Otology 108: 294-298.

BAGCHI K & REJEB H (1987) Iodine deficiency disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean region - need for a regional strategy. Eastern Mediterranean Region Health Service J. 3: 22-36.

BAGHDASSARIAN, Sahag A & TABBARA, Khalid F (1975) Childhood blindness in Lebanon. American J. Ophthalmology 74: 538-542.

BAHRAMI, Fariba [1998] Modeling and controlling the movement of paraplegic patients while they want to get up by muscle function of electrical stimulation. Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran.

BAHRAMI F; RIENER R; JABEDAR-MARALANI P; & SCHMIDT G (2000) Biomechanical analysis of sit-to-stand transfer in healthy and paraplegic subjects. Clinical Biomechanics 15: 123-133.

BAJOGHLI M; NAFICY AR; VAFAI A; & SHAFA G (1977) Paralytic poliomyelitis in Isfahan. J. Tropical Pediatrics & Environmental Child Health 23: 236-238.

EL BAKARY, Waguida (1999) The education of the hearing impaired in Egypt. In: Brelje (Ed.) Global Perspectives (q.v.), 69-79.
Notes on schools and their functioning, curriculum, teacher training, and innovations c. 1990, with 17 references (in transliterated Arabic).

BAKER GA; JACOBY A; GORRY J; DOUGHTY J; ELLINA V; et al. (2005) Quality of life of people with epilepsy in Iran, the Gulf, and Near East. Epilepsia 46: 132-140.

BALDY-MOULINIER M; COVANIS A; D'URSO S; ESKAZAN E; FATTORE C; GATTI G; HERRANZ JL et al. (1998) Therapeutic strategies against epilepsy in Mediterranean countries: a report from an international collaborative survey. Seizure 7: 513-520.

AL-BALSHEH M (1994) Differences in behavioural and educational characteristics of autistic and mentally retarded children. Master's thesis, University of Jordan.

AL-BANNA, Linah Habbab (1984) The educational attitudes of early childhood teachers in Lebanon. Ed.D. thesis, Columbia University Teachers College. 210 pp. Study of 42 early childhood teachers, using Arabic translation of Minnesota Teacher Attitude Inventory.

EL-BANNA M (1992) The situation of the disabled in Egypt. In: Proceedings of the Conference on the Capabilities and Needs of Disabled Persons in the ESCWA Region: 20-28 November, 1989, Amman, Jordan, pp. 338-365. United Nations, Economic & Social Commission for Western Asia. E/ESCWA/SD/1992/2.

BARAKAT, Amin Y; ITANI, Usama; & ZAYTOUN, George M (1986) Cultural "iatrogenic" cleft palate. Pediatrics 78: 511.
Problems following uvulectomy performed by a Lebanese village traditional 'specialist' on a 5 year old girl, to relieve upper respiratory tract infection.

BARAKAT, Robert A (1973) Arabic gestures. J. Popular Culture 6: 749-793.
Detailed discussion and references (749-71), followed by verbal description of each of 247 Arabic gestures (772-87), and small photographs of the author making most of these gestures (790-93). (Barakat notes on p. 769 his awareness of the limitations of these photographs). This seems to have been one of the earliest substantial published studies of gesture in the modern Middle East. (See also BOUSQUET, GOLDZIHER, under 'Antiquity').

BARGOUTHI M & AL DEAN H (1994) Family role in rehabilitation and taking care of the disabled. Amman: Economic & Social Commission for Western Asia.

BARNARTT, Sharon & ROTMAN, Rachel (2007) Disability policies and protests in Israel. Disability Studies Quarterly 27 (4).

BAROUDI, Hisham (1987) Rehabilitation of the disabled in Lebanon. Report to World Health Organisation, August 1987.

BARR, James H (1983) Education for the handicapped in the Arabian peninsula: issues and trends. Ed.D. dissertation, Teachers College, Columbia University.
Study of special education development in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Oman and Qatar.

BARSOUMIAN, Vergine (1968) Hearing impairment in elementary school children and its relation to academic achievement and personality traits. Unpublished M.A. thesis, American University of Beirut.

AL-BARWANI T & AL-BEELY T (1994) Education and Care for the Disabled in the Sultanate of Oman. Muscat, Sultan Qaboos University.

BASSILI A; OMAR T; ZAKI A; ABDEL-FATTAH M; TOGNONI G; et al. (2002) Pattern of diagnostic and therapeutic care of childhood epilepsy in Alexandria, Egypt. International J. for Quality in Health Care 14: 277-284.

BATTAIN, Tiziana (1997) Le rituel du zar en Egypte. De la souffrance à l'accomplissement. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Paris: EHESS.

BATTAIN T [2004] Zar. (2) In Egypt. Encyclopaedia of Islam, XII: 456-457. Leiden: Brill.

BATU SE (1998) Teachers' perceptions of a mainstreaming program. Doctoral dissertation, Anadolu University, Eskisehir.

BEKIROGLU N; OZKAN R; GÜSES C; ARPACI B; & DERVENT A (2004) A study on awareness and attitude of teachers on epilepsy in Istanbul. Seizure 13: 517-522.

BEHMANESH, Abbas Ali (2002) Deaf Way II Presentation on Iranian Deaf Culture.
http://www.geocities.com/abehmanesh/IranDeaf.htm

BENEVOLENT Society for the Deaf (1994) Signs in Palestine. Ramallah, West Bank.

BEN HINDI, Mounira (2002) The situation of disabled women at work. International Rehabilitation Review 51(2) & 52(1): 45-49.

BENZAHRA, Saloua Ali (2002) Representation of the disabled in Arab / Islamic culture and literature from North Africa and the Middle East. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Minnesota.

BENZAHRA, Salwa Ali (2003) Dis/Abling the narrative: the case of Tombéza. College Literature [West Chester University] 30 (1) 124-134.
Analysis of the novel Tombéza (Rachid Mimouni, 1984, Paris: Laffont), in which the main character is deformed in body and further disabled by social rejection, in Algeria of the 1930s and 1940s.

BILIR, Sule; GÜVEN N; BAL S; METIN N; & ARTAN I (1995) A comparison study of gross motor development skills of normal, hearing-impaired and Down syndrome children. 32 pp. ERIC ED390210.
(At Ankara, Turkey).

BIN ZAYD, Prince Raad (2002) The Jordanian Act for the Protection of Persons with Disabilities. International Rehabilitation Review 51(2) & 52(1): 30-33.

BITTAR Z (1995) Major anomalies in consecutive births in south of Beirut. A preliminary report about incidence and pattern. Lebanese Medical J. 43: 62-67.

BLIND Services Office (1993) A Survey on the Current Situation of the People with Visual Impairment in the West Bank. Bethlehem: BSO.

BOSWELL, Susan (2006) Signs from the desert. New language sheds light on linguistic evolution. The ASHA leader (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association) 11 (1) 12, 17.

BOUCEBCI, Mahfoud (1981) Special education through neighbourhood centres in Algeria. Assignment Children 53/54, pp. 153-163.
An innovative psychiatrist, writer and humanist, Boucebci pioneered in the 1970s a 'middle way' for people with mental disabilities and learning difficulties, by basing a form of Community Based Rehabilitation in low-cost, locally controlled, 'neighbourhood centres' in urban Algeria. These activities, among his many involvements in psychiatry, exemplify the humane, tolerant and compassionate sides of Islam shown by a Muslim professional of large vision and practical concern. [Professor Boucebci was murdered in 1993, apparently by political extremists.]

BOUKHARI, Houda (1997) Invisible victims: working with mothers of children with learning disabilities. In: Abu-Habib (Ed.) Gender and Disability (q.v.) 36-45. [Lebanon]

BOULOS, Wasfy Aziz (1994) Egypt. In: K Mazurek & M Winzer (Eds.) Comparative Studies in Special Education, 133-142. Washington D.C.: Gallaudet University Press.

BOURQUIA, Amal (2007) Le handicap dans la culture arabo-musulmane. Archives de pédiatrie 14 (1) 35-38.
Reviews some Islamic viewpoints on disability, the responses of families having a child with disability, the duties owed to the disabled person by the Muslim community, the religious duties of disabled adults and children, and also some traditional, cultural influences in the Arab Muslim world which may be positive or adverse in the upbringing of children with disabilities. Governments have tended to rely on families and non-government organisations to make their own efforts to find help and information, and to overcome any difficulties or social barriers. Government commitments and legislation have begun to increase in recent years, but the gap still exists between official rhetoric and everyday reality.

BRELJE, H William (Ed.) (1999) Global Perspectives on the Education of the Deaf in Selected Countries. Hillsboro, Oregon: Butte. x + 423 pp.
Includes Egypt, Israel, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia.

BRIGAUD M; AYMARD M; THOUVENOT D; CHOMEL JJ; MAHMOOD RA; MATHEW PP; & JAFAR AK (1978) Poliomyelitis survey in Middle-East countries. Developments in Biological Standardization 41: 149-158.
Results of tests on children with paralysis in Bahrain and Kuwait, mostly under 2 years old.

BRINK, Judy H (1995) Changing patterns of child-rearing in an Egyptian village. In: Fernea (Ed.) Children in the Muslim Middle East (q.v.) 84-92.
Based on observations in 1983-84 and 1990; notes some contrast between practices of 'educated' and 'non-educated' mothers.

BROHIER, William G & NEUSTADT-NOY, Nurit (1997) The Amman adventure. The Educator (ICEVI) 10: 5-7.
Brief report on First Middle East Low Vision and Early Intervention Training Course for Teachers of Children with Visual Impairments, Feb. 26 to March 8, 1996.

BRUE AW & OAKLAND T (2001) The Portage Guide To Early Intervention. An evaluation of published evidence. School Psychology International 22: 243-252.
Analysis of published evidence from parents and professionals on the effects of 'Portage program' early intervention on children with developmental delay. 'Portage' is attractive to parents in many countries, but "empirical support for the Program is both meagre and lacking". (Some evidence came from Portage in Palestine: see ABU-GHAZALEH, above, and OAKLAND, below).

BRYCE, Jennifer W [1986] Cries of Children in Lebanon: as voiced by their mothers. Amman: UNICEF. 155 pp.

BRYCE JW & ARMENIAN, Haroutune K (Eds.) (1986) In Wartime: the state of children in Lebanon. Beirut: American University of Beirut. xviii + 202 pp. Multi-disciplinary studies on 811 children in schools and orphanages around Beirut.

BRYCE J; SHA'AR, Khuzama; SHAYA, Monique; & JAMAL, Raghida (1986) Child care institutions. In: Bryce & Armenian (Eds.) In Wartime (q.v.) 61-97.
Studies of activities and quality in institutions for disabled or orphaned Lebanese children.

AL-BURAIKY, Salah MS (2005) Arabic sign language recognition using an instrumented glove. Dissertation, King Fahd University, Saudi Arabia.
[Abstract at: http://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/bibweb/]

BURHANI HA (1987) Syrian Arab Republic Nutrition Health Education Programme for primary school children. Hygie 6 (4) 13-14.
Programme run from the School Health Department, Damascus.

BUSUTTIL, Joseph (1991) Setting up an occupational therapy college in the Middle East. British J. Occupational Therapy 54: 423-426.
OT college opened at Amman, Jordan, in 1989.

CAKINER T; YUKSEL A; SOYDAN M; SAYLAN T; & BAHCECI E (1993) Women and leprosy in Turkey. Indian J. Leprosy 65: 59-67.
Data on 829 women with leprosy (97% now inactive) registered at Istanbul Leprosy Hospital, many having a high level of disability and weak socio-economic status.

CAKINER T; YUKSEL A; EGIT AS; CAGRI G; KARACORLU M; & KULTUR A (1997) The extent of leprosy-related disabilities in Istanbul Leprosy Hospital, Turkey. Leprosy Review 68: 43-49.
Data on 711 patients (74% male, 26% female).

CANTRELL EG (1979) Assignment Report. Rehabilitation of handicapped children in Jordan, March-September 1979. EM/REH/30.

CENTERS For Disease Control (1998) Wild poliovirus transmission in bordering areas of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey, 1997-June 1998. Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report 47 (28) 588-92.

CENTERS For Disease Control (1999) Outbreak of poliomyelitis -- Iraq, 1999. Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report 48 (38) 858-59.

CHABARA A; EL-SABBAHI S; EL-GAZAAR E; & ABUSHADI N (2002) Items of disabled care and prevention of disability in the Holy Qur'an and the Hadith. Saudi J. Disability & Rehabilitation 8 (1) 33-37.
While maintaining a traditional reverence for the Qur'an as the word of Allah for all times and places, the authors suggest that modern scientific knowledge in the health care and rehabilitation fields can facilitate a better understanding of the sacred text and of the hadiths of the prophet Muhammad. They explain how some verses can be matched with modern scientific practice, though this interpretation was not open to earlier ages. For example, the story about the Sleepers, in Surah 18 (The Cave), states that "We turned them [i.e. the Sleepers] on their right and their left sides". The authors suggest this can now be understood in terms of avoiding pressure sores by regular turning of people with paralysis.

CHAMOUN M (1985) La ré-éducation de l'enfant sourd dans les pays arabes. Annales de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Education, volume 1. Université St-Joseph, Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humains.

CHUMBLEY LC & THOMSON IM (1988) Epidemiology of trachoma in the West Bank and Gaza strip. Eye 2: 463-470.

CHUMBLEY LC; VISWALINGAM ND; THOMSON IM; & ZEIDAN MA (1988) Treatment of trachoma in the West Bank. Eye 2: 471-475.

CIACCI, Nicholas V (Ed.) (1979) Child Development in Egypt. Cairo Papers in Social Science, volume 3, monograph 2.

CLARK MH & TUFEKCIOGLU U (1994) Developing a comprehensive service for the hearing impaired in Turkey. J. British Association of Teachers of the Deaf 18: 82-85.

COKER EM (2005) Selfhood and social distance: toward a cultural understanding of psychiatric stigma in Egypt. Social Science and Medicine 61 (5) 920-930.

COLERIDGE, Peter (1993) Disability, Liberation and Development. Oxford: Oxfam. vii + 244 pp. Ideological manifesto on disability and rights, based partly on enquiries in Lebanon, Jordan and the region.

COLERIDGE P (1995) Caritas-SETI CBR Programme in Cairo: a participatory review, January 10 - February 11, 1995. 6 pp.

A COMPREHENSIVE Review of the Status of Early Childhood Development in the Middle East and North Africa. 1995. Researched by Dr Mohammad Salih Khattab, for the Education Section, UNICEF Middle East and North Africa Regional Office. Amman: UNICEF. 147 pp. Also in Arabic.
Notes on Early Childhood Education Services in Syria, pp. 62-65; some background and situation of nurseries and kindergartens. By 1994, some 10% of eligible children under 6 years of age were reported to be benefiting.

CONSTANTINIDES I (1992) Report of the Special Committee for the Study of Ways of Providing Help to Children with Special Needs. Nicosia: Min. Education & Culture.

CRABTREE SA (2007) Family responses to the social inclusion of children with developmental disabilities in the United Arab Emirates. Disability & Society 22: 49-62.

CYPRUS. Ministry of Education & Culture (1996) [Greek:] Deltio Plirophorion Eidikis Ekpaideysis [Information booklet on special education]. [Nicosia].

CYPRUS. Min. Education & Culture (1998) [Greek:] Nomoschedio me titlo o peri agogis paidon me eidikes anages nomos [The 1998 Education Law for the Education of Children with Special Needs]. [Nicosia]

CYPRUS (2001) The 2001 Education Act for Children with Special Needs. KDP 186/2001. Nicosia.

DAGHER F (1987) Les prosthèses du genou. Réflections à partir d'une serie de 65 observations. Lebanese Medical J. 37: 9-15.

DAJANI, Mona Ali (1993) Services for the mentally handicapped children and adults. Their development and current provisions in England, Germany and Saudi Arabia. M.A. thesis, University of Durham, U.K.

AL-DAJANI, Nour (1992) Disabled persons in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. In: Proceedings of the Conference on the Capabilities and Needs of Disabled Persons in the ESCWA Region: 20-28 November, 1989, Amman, Jordan, 454-481. United Nations, Economic & Social Commission for Western Asia. E/ESCWA/SD/1992/2.

DAOUD A (1991) UNRWA experience in CBR in Jordan. Amman: Jordanian Swedish Medical Association.

DAOUD AS; AL-SHEYYAB M; AL-QUDAH AK, et al. (1997) An outbreak of poliomyelitis in Jordan: clinical and epidemiological observations. Indian Pediatrics 34: 51-54.

DAOUD FS (1981) The Present Status of Services for the Handicapped in Jordan. Amman: National Association for the Mentally Handicapped.

DAVIES, Rhona & HASSERA, Emad Abu (1990) Literacy training as a behaviour modifier: a case study from Palestine. J. Practical Approaches to Developmental Handicap 14 (1) 6-8.

EL-DAW, Badryah Mohammed Nour (1997) The effect of language-related concepts training and verbal instruction on self-regulated problem solving in mildly mentally retarded students: a follow up study. M.A. project report, American University of Beirut. xi + 63 pp.

AL-DAWOOD, Kasim & ALBAR, Adnan (1993) Risk factors of mental retardation in children attending an educationally subnormal/mental school in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Annals of Saudi Medicine 13: 355-359.

AL-DAWOOD K & ALBAR A (1995) Psychological impact on parents of mentally retarded children in Eastern Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical J. 16: 418-420.

AL-DAWOOD K & ALBAR A (1995) Psychosocial impact on parents of mentally retarded children in Eastern Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical J. 16: 418-420.
Study of 72 boys with mild mental retardation attending special school, with matched control group, whose parents were interviewed at home.

DAWSON, Valerie L (1997) Cultural implications for physiotherapy education: the Bethlehem experience. Doctoral thesis, Loughborough University of Technology.

DAWSON VL (1999) Professional development, personality and self-esteem of Palestinian physical therapists. In: R Leavitt (Ed.) Cross-Cultural Rehabilitation: an international perspective, 351-362. London: Saunders.
Some results from the author's doctoral studies (see previous item) on "the relevance of an innovative physical therapy curriculum to Palestine" in the mid-1990s and its effects on physical therapy professionals.

DAY, Richard C (1986) A psychological profile of children in Lebanon. In: Bryce & Armenian (Eds.) In Wartime (q.v.) 105-116.
Tests and study focusing on behavioural disturbance and anxiety due to war environment.

DAY RC, KNIGHT CW, EL NAKADI L, & SPIELBERGER CD [1987] Development of an Arabic adaptation of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. In: CD Speilberger & R Diaz-Guerrero (Eds.) Cross-Cultural Anxiety. Washington D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing.

DEAN G, AKSOY H, AKALIN T, MIDDLETON L, & KYRIALLIS K (1997) Multiple sclerosis in the Turkish- and Greek-speaking communities of Cyprus. A United Nations (UNHCR) Bicommunal Project. J. Neurological Sciences 145: 163-168.

DE CARPENTIER, Andrew L [1994] The role of institutions in Community-based Rehabilitation and in Community-based Special Education. In: Making It Happen. Examples of good practice in special needs education & community-based programmes, 47-53. Paris: UNESCO.
Views based on an Institute for the Deaf in Jordan with an outreach program.

DE CARPENTIER AL (2006) Community based services for rehabilitation and special education. Zeitschrift Behinderung und Dritte Welt 17 (3) 26-28.

AL DEEB SM; PHADKE JG; JABBAR AJ; et al. (1988) Multiple Sclerosis in Saudi Arabia. J. Neurology 235 (Supplement) S81 (abstract only).

EL DEEB, Bothaina [2005] National Report on Disability Statistics in Egypt 21-23 March 2005. CAPMAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization & Statistics, Egypt) & UN ESCWA (Economic & Social Commission for Western Asia). 12 pp.
Thoughtful consideration was being given to overcoming, in the planned 2006 census, some difficulties in data collection in decennial censuses (1947-1996), the results of which are summarised and tabulated with some critical review and comparison with other countries. [In 1996, among approximately 262,000 people aged 10 years or more reported as disabled, 36% were able to read and write, or had a better level of education, as against 60% of the total population aged 10+ having such skills (p. 6).]

DEHBOZORGI, Ali (1984) The Mentally Handicapped in Lebanon: an assessment of services and needs. Beirut: Middle East Council of Churches. vii + 92 pp.

DE MACHADO C (1993) Projects on Vocational Rehabilitation: general strategy for implementation. Proposal for the Gaza Strip and West Bank. Geneva: International Labour Office.

DEMERDASH A; KANDIL M; TOHAMY S; et al. (1985) The prevalence of mental subnormality in an Upper Egyptian village: a study of selected etiological factors. Banha Medical J. 2: 33-42.

DEMIRCI S; DÖNMEZ CM; GÜNDOGAR D; & BAYDAR CL (2007) Public awareness of, attitudes toward, and understanding of epilepsy in Isparta, Turkey. Epilepsy & Behavior 11 (3) 427-433.

DER-KARABETIAN A; KADI Z; ELMASIAN S; & YETENEKIAN A (1975) Attitudes towards mental illness in Lebanon - an initial report. Lebanese Medical J. 28: 297-306.
Questionnaire study on attitudes of 120 lecturers and students at the American University of Beirut.

DESHEN, Shlomo (1990) The performance of blind Israelis at work. Disability, Handicap & Society 5: 269-280.

DESHEN S (1990) Employment and disability: the quest for work among blind Israelis. J. Visual Impairment & Blindness 84: 80-84.

DESHEN S (1995) Irony among blind Israelis: the meaning, construction and force. Human Organisation 54: 309-317.

DESHEN S & DESHEN, Hilda (1987) Seeking dignity and independence: toward an ethnography of blindness in Israel. J. Visual Impairment & Blindness 81: 209-212.

DESOUKEY, M A-A S (1988) The link between disabilities and some demographic and socio-economic indicators in Egypt: a case study. Research Monograph Series No. 18, pp. 285-320. Cairo Demographic Centre.

DIKEN, Ibrahim H (2006) Turkish mothers' interpretation of the disability of their children with mental retardation. International J. Special Education 21 (2) 8-27.
http://www.internationalsped.com/documents/02Diken.doc
Thirteen Turkish mothers, each identifying herself as Muslim and having at least one child with mental retardation, participated in the study by semi-structured interview. The children's disability was attributed by them to a mixture of causes or origins. While bio-medical causation was identified by all, "they also constantly highlighted various religious causal agents ... Fate and God were underlined as causal agents by almost half of the mothers." Evil spirits, spells, and folkloric superstitions were also mentioned. Several had taken advice from religious agents, i.e. local holy men.

DIKEN YH (1998) A comparison of teachers' attitudes toward disability with and without students with disabilities in their classes. Master's thesis, University of Ankara.

AL-DIN AS, EL-KHATEEB M, & KURDI A, et al. (1995) Multiple sclerosis in Arabs in Jordan. J. Neurological Science 131: 144-149.
Hospital based study of 131 MS patients.

AL-DIN ASN; KURDI A; MUBAIDIN A; EL-KHATEEB M; KHALIL RW; & WRIEKAT AL (1996) Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Arabs in Jordan: a comparative study between Jordanians and Palestinians. J. Neurological Science 135: 162 167.

DIRANY, Leila Akoury (2002) The educational reality of people with special needs in Lebanon. International Rehabilitation Review 51(2) & 52(1): 26-29.

DIXON, John (Ed.) (1987) Social Welfare in the Middle East. London: Croom Helm. xiii + 218.
Chapters review social welfare development and status in Egypt (ASM Kashef), Israel (David Macarov), Jordan (Abraham W Ata), Kuwait (Hassan R Hamoud), and Turkey (Emel Danisoglu), with a broader comparative chapter on 'social security' by Dixon. Reference to disability and infirmity is thinly scattered through the chapters, as indexed under 'aged', 'blind', 'disability benefits', 'handicapped' (intellectually; personal social services; physically; social security), 'invalidity benefits', 'rehabilitation', 'rehabilitation aids', and in tables on pp. 178ff.

DONMEZ L; GOKKOCA Z & DEDEOGLU N (2005) Disability and its effects on quality of life among older people living in Antalya city center, Turkey. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 40: 213-223.

DONOHUE, John J, et al. (1973) Arab Cultures and Society in Change: a partially annotated bibliography of books and articles in English, French, German, & Latin. Beirut: Dar al Mashreq.
Nearly 5,000 entries; broad coverage.

DUKMAK, Samir (1994) Integration in education for school age children with disabilities in the West Bank. International J. Special Education 9: 123-127.

DUKMAK S (1994) West Bank and Gaza Strip. In: K Mazurek & M Winzer (Eds.) Comparative Studies in Special Education, 44-63. Washington D.C.: Gallaudet University Press.

DURNAYKA R (1983) The social conditions of the physically disabled in Tripoli, Lebanon. M.A. dissertation, Lebanese University of Tripoli.

DUVDEVANY I & ABBOUD S (2003) Stress, social support and well-being of Arab mothers of children with intellectual disability who are served by welfare services in northern Israel. J. Intellectual Disability Research, 47: 264-272.

DUVDEVANY I & KEREN N (2002) Thoughts, consideration and future planning for out-of-home placement among parental caregivers of dependent adult children with psychiatric disabilities. International J. Rehabilitation Research 25: 1-8.

EBRAHIM, Abul Fadl Mohsin (1991) Abortion, Birth Control & Surrogate Parenting. An Islamic Perspective. Indianapolis: American Trust Publications. 140 pp. Under "Unwanted Pregnancies", consideration of fetal "deformities" appears on pp. 86-89, 105 (not, as indexed, on pp. 84-85, 103).

EDELSTAM, Anne (1984) Socializing the Deaf in Cairo. M.A. thesis, Department of Sociology, Anthropology & Psychology, American University in Cairo. 115 pp.

EGYPT. (See also UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC, under 'History, 1751-1970').

EGYPT. Min. Education, Division of Educational Information & Planning (1993) National Survey of Teaching Practices and Students Achievements. Cairo.

EGYPT. Min. Health (1987) Disability Survey. Publication 63/6. [Cairo.]

AL-EISSA, Youssef A (1991) The battered child syndrome: does it exist in Saudi Arabia? Saudi Medical J. 12: 129-133.
Physical abuse diagnosed in 7 cases.

EKER D & ARKAR H (1991) Experienced Turkish nurses' attitudes towards mental illness and the predictor variables of their attitudes. International J. Social Psychiatry 37: 214-223.

ELDER M (1993) Congenital glaucoma in the West Bank and Gaza. British J. Ophthalmology 77: 413-416.

ELDER M & DE COCK R (1993) Childhood disability in the West Bank and Gaza Strip: prevalence, aetiology and hereditary factors. Eye 7: 580-583.

ELRAWADY F; ABDULMAJEED A; EL SHEIKH EI & YOUSEF I (2005) Assessment of functional disability in activities of daily living and health perception among elders living in Elmahsama village, Ismailia. J. Bahrain Medical Society 17 (2) 77-84.

ERIPEK, Suleyman (2000) An evaluation of the research base about inclusion of special needs student in Turkey. In: Proceedings of 5th International Special Education Congress, University of Manchester, July 2000. (CD–Rom).

ERTUGRUL A; ULUG B; GÖGÜS A; ÖGEL K; TAMAR D, & DEDEOGLU N (2001) Turkey. Culture-specific findings from the CAR study. In: TB Ustun, S Chatterji, JE Bickenbach, et al. (Eds.) Disability and Culture. Universalism and Diversity, 223-233. Bern: Hogrefe & Huber.

ESCWA [Economic & Social Commission for Western Asia] (1981) International Year of Disabled Persons, Disabled Persons in the ESCWA region: features and dimensions of the problem and a Regional Plan of Action. Baghdad. E/ESCWA/119.

ESCWA (1987) Final Report and Documents of the International Symposium on Computers and Electronics for the Service of the Handicapped, Baghdad, 20 May 1987. E/ESCWA/ID/87/WG.2/16.

ESCWA (1992). Proceedings of the Conference on the Capabilities and Needs of Disabled Persons in the ESCWA Region: 20-28 November, 1989, Amman, Jordan. United Nations, Economic & Social Commission for Western Asia, 1992. E/ESCWA/SD/1992/2. 600 pp.
Substantial overview of the regional situation. See entries under ABD AL-RAHIM (Oman, Qatar, UAE); ARORA (ESCWA Region); AZOUNI (Syria); EL-BANNA (Egypt); AL-DAJANI (West Bank / Gaza); AL-HUSSEINI (Lebanon); EL-HUSSEINI (Iraq); AL-KHATIB (Jordan); NOSSEIR (ESCWA/Women); QANDIL, (ESCWA); QUEEN ALIA Fund (Jordan); SOFI (Saudi Arabia).

ESCWA (1995) The Situation of Disabled Women, their Marginalisation and Measures for Social Integration in the ESCWA Region. United Nations ESCWA.

ESCWA (2000) Report: International seminar on environmental accessibility, Beirut 30 November - 3 December 1999. Beirut: United Nations ESCWA. 21 pp.

ESIYOK B; KORKUSUZ I; CANTURK G; ALKAN HA; KARAMAN AG; & HANCI IH (2005) Road traffic accidents and disability: a cross-section study. Disability and Rehabilitation 27 (no. 21) 1333-1338.

EUROPEAN Commission Humanitarian Aid Office; & Movement for Peace, Disarmament and Liberty (2002) Disability in Northern and Middle Gaza. Jerusalem. 124 pp.

EVYAPAN N & DEMIRKAN H (2000) The 16 cubes game for children who are visually impaired. J. Visual Impairment and Blindness 94: 396-399.
Study of a sorting game, with 30 visually impaired Turkish children aged 7-11.

EXPANDED Programme on Immunization (EPI). Progress towards poliomyelitis eradication, WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region. Weekly Epidemiological Record 72 (No.35): 261-266.

FADLI AA (1975) Problems of mental deficiency in Iraq. Annals of the College of Medicine (Mosul), 6: 102-.

FAGEEH, Nasser A (2003) Prospective study of hearing loss in schools for deaf children in Assir region, Saudi Arabia. West African J. Medicine 22 (4) 321-323.

FAHD, Nada, MARJI, Maha, MUFTI, Nirmin, MASRI, Muzna, & MAKARAM, Amer (1997) A double discrimination: blind girls' life-chances. In: Abu-Habib (Ed.) Gender and Disability (q.v.) 46-52. (Lebanon)

FAKHRI ZI (1994) Vocational integration index -- measuring social integration of workers with disabilities. Saudi Medical J. 15: 84.

FARAJ, Abdulatif Hussein (1988) Language acquisition and development in infants. Early Child Development and Care 39: 21-31.
Study of acquisition of Arabic by 86 infants aged 1-24 months, in Saudi Arabia.

FASHEH, Violet M (1975) Effectiveness of the Premack Reinforcement Principle on the acquisition and development of verbal language of the mentally retarded children. M.A. thesis, American University of Beirut. xi + 103 pp.

FASHEH V (1986) Need assessment for in-service educational programmes in special education in the West Bank. Bethlehem University J. 5: 24-48.

FASHEH V (1990) Need assessment for sheltered workshops for mentally handicapped adults in the West Bank. A study supported by AMIDEAST, Jerusalem.

FAYAD J & WAZEN JJ (1994) Advances in otology and neurotology. Lebanese Medical J. 42: 203-207.

FAYYAD HA, JAHSHAN CS & KARAM EG (2001) Systems development of child mental health services in developing countries. Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 10: 745-762.
Relates epidemiology of childhood psychiatric disorders in developing countries to system development, with experiences in Lebanon.

FERNEA, Elizabeth W (1995) Children in the Muslim Middle East. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 477 pp. Contains 41 contributions concerning 15 countries, including Syria, with coverage of child-rearing, play, education, rights, poverty, health, and gender issues.

FIDA ND, AL-AAMA J, NICHOLS W & ALQAHTANI M (2007) A prospective study of congenital malformations among live born neonates at University Hospital in Western Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical J. 28 (9) 477-483.
Incidence recorded of major malformations at Jeddah was high compared with European data of the 1990s. Difficulties of comparisons with some data in nearby Arab countries are discussed, and genetic counselling recommended.

FIUTKO R; GORCZYCKA E; & AL MUHAILAN AR (1992) Attitudes of Kuwaitis towards disabled persons. Materia Medica Polona 24: 96-99.

FLORIAN V & FINDLER L (2001) Mental health and marital adaptation among mothers of children with cerebral palsy. American J. Orthopsychiatry 71: 358-367.

FLORIAN V & KATZ S (1983) The impact of cultural, ethnic, and national variables on attitudes towards the disabled in Israel: a review. International J. Intercultural Relations 7: 167-179.

FLORIAN V & SHURKA E (1981) Jewish and Arab parents' coping patterns with their disabled child in Israel. International J. Rehabilitation Research 4: 201-204.

FRIEDL, Erika (1985) Parents and children in a village of Iran. In: Asghar Fathi (Ed.) Women and the Family in Iran, 195-211. Leiden: Brill.
Detailed observations of attitudes of rural adults towards the child in successive stages from prenatal to youth.

FRIEDL E (1992) Child rearing in modern Persia. Encyclopaedia Iranica V: 412-416.
See previous item, annotation. Useful bibliography.

GAAD E (2001) Educating children with Down's syndrome in the United Arab Emirates. British J. Special Education 28: 195-203.

GAFF, Angela (1994) The Human Rights of People with Disabilities. Ramallah: Al-Haq. 140 pp.

AL-GAIN, Salah I & ABDULWAHAB, Sami S (2002) Issues and obstacles in disability research in Saudi Arabia. Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation J. 13 (1) 45-49.

GAL J (2001) The perils of compensation in social welfare policy: disability policy in Israel. Social Service Review 75: 225-244.

GAL J & BAR M (2000) The needed and the needy: the policy legacies of benefits for war veterans in Israel. J. Social Policy 29: 577-598.

GALIL A; CARMEL S; LUBETZKY H; VERED S; & HEIMAN N (2001) Compliance with home rehabilitation therapy by parents of children with disabilities in Jews and Bedouin in Israel. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 43: 261-268.

GALLAGHER EB & STRATTON T (2001) Medicine, disability and family in an affluent Arab society: the case of Zahira Qetub. Current Sociology, 49 (3) 207-231.
Detailed study from hospital records and staff interviews, of Zahira, born with spina bifida, resulting in paraplegia, chronic renal problems, and frequent hospital admissions. Amidst great familial affluence, technology and modern services, the young girl can be seen experiencing significant poverty of personhood, relationship and dignity. Her physical care was repeatedly passed between the wealthy Arab family, hospital medical staff (from many countries), and the Asian maid who did most of the home care, dealing with recurrent urinary infections and incontinence. Different cultural perspectives, paradigms and practices of these parties turned Zahira's body into a battleground. Her own views slowly began to be heard as she moved toward teenage.

GARAS, Magdy (2000) Commitment to leprosy patients in Egypt. Zeitschrift Behinderung und Dritte Welt 11 (3) 110-12.

GAUTIÉ, Marcel (1974) Training of Teachers of the Hearing Impaired in France and the Arab Countries. Paris [UNESCO]. 6 pp.

GAWAD MSA (1985) Study of the educational guidance of the mentally handicapped among primary school children in Shebeen El-Koom Province. M.D. thesis, Cairo University.

AL-GHAZALI LI, DAWODU AH, SABARINATHAN K & VARGHESE M (1995) The profile of major congenital abnormalities in United Arab Emirates (UAE) population. J. Medical Genetics 32: 7-13.

AL-GAZALI, Lihadh; HAMAMY, Hanan; & AL-ARRAYAD, Shaikha (2006) Genetic disorders in the Arab world. British Medical J. 333: 831-834.

GAZZAZ, Faten SB (1991) Poliovirus and poliomyelitis vaccines: a review. Saudi Medical J. 12: 91-93.

GHALY M (2002) The financial rights of people with disabilities: the perspective of the Islamic Shari`a and the case of Muslims in the Netherlands. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Leiden University.
[See Ghaly's more substantial doctoral dissertation, in English, listed below under "Antiquity to 1750", spanning both historical and modern perspectives in theology, law, and social arrangements.]

GHALY M (2005) Islam en Handicap: theologisch perspectiven. Theologisch Debat 2 (3) 20-23.

AL-GHANIM, Abdullah M (1989) Blindness and educational services for blind persons in the Middle East region. J. Visual Impairment & Blindness 83: 13-16.
Brief review. Emphasises the regional need to transfer special education to Ministry of Education, from Ministry of Social Welfare.

AL-GHASHI M (1990) The effectiveness of teacher education in Syria. Ph.D. thesis, University of Keele.

GHOBRIAL, Talaat M & VANCE, H Robert (1988) Special Education in Egypt: an overview. 13 pp. ERIC ED299721.

GHUBASH, Rafia Obaid Saeed (1922) Socio-cultural change and psychiatric disorder: an epidemiological study of women in the Emirate of Dubai-UAE. Ph.D. thesis, University of London. 372 pp.

GIACAMAN, Rita (2001) A community of citizens: disability rehabilitation in the Palestinian transition to statehood. Disability & Rehabilitation 23: 639-644.
Critical review of ten years of community based rehabilitation projects, suggesting that the burden of care falls unfairly on the voluntary efforts of women, and the social rights of disabled people are neglected.

GIACAMAN R, DEIBES I, SALEM ATIEH H, & NAMMAR R (1989) Towards the Formulation of a Rehabilitation Policy: Disability in the West Bank. Birzeit University.

GIACAMAN R & HARMANI G (1996) A Study of 19 Palestinian Communities in the Southern District of the West Bank with special reference to the needs of persons with disabilities. Beit Jala: Southern Regional Committee for Rehabilitation. 98 pp.

GLAUBMAN, Rivka & LIFSHITZ, Hefziba (2001) Ultra-orthodox Jewish teachers' self-efficacy and willingness for inclusion of pupils with special needs. European J. Special Needs Education 16 (3) 207-223.

GOBRIAL, Claire Fahim (1979) Psychiatric clinics for Egyptian school children, focus: the Garden City Psychiatric Clinic of Cairo. In: NV Ciaccio (Ed.) Child Development in Egypt. Cairo: American University in Cairo.

GÖGÜS A (1981) A controlled study on determination of social dysfunction in mental disorder. Dissertation thesis, Hacettepe University Psychiatry Clinic, Ankara.

GOLDBLUM N & SWARTZ T (1984) The Israeli experience in the control of poliomyelitis during a quarter of a century, 1957-1982. Review of Infectious Diseases 6 (Supplement 2) 313-17.

GOLDBLUM N; GERICHTER CB; TULCHINSKY TH; & MELNICK JL (1994) Poliomyelitis control in Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Strip: changing strategies with the goal of eradication in an endemic area. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 72: 783-796.
Review of strategies where there is a gradient of polio control across intermingling populations. Significant for the situation of Syria and neighbours, as the 'naturally acquired' immunity of the endemic polio situation is replaced by vaccination-dependent immunity.

GOLDSCHMIDT, Arthur Jr (2000) Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt. Boulder, Col.: Lynne Rienner.
pp. 81-83, brief biography of Dr. Taha Husayn. (See autobiography by HUSAYN; and MALTI-DOUGLAS 1988, under 'History, 1751-1970').

GOOD BJ & GOOD MJ with TOGAN I, ILBARS Z, GÜVENER A & GELISEN I (1994) In the subjunctive mode: epilepsy narratives in Turkey. Social Science & Medicine 38: 835-842.
Some analysis of individual and in-family reporting of fits and seizures associated with epilepsy, in rural Turkey.

GORKIN M & OTHMAN R (1994) Traditional psychotherapeutic healing and healers in the Palestinian community. Israel J. Psychiatry & Related Sciences 31: 221-231.

AL GREAR, A (1995) Sonderpädagogik in Jordanien. Amman.

GUERMAZI M; KESSOMTINI W; POIRAUDEAU S; ELLEUCH M; FERMARIAN J; ELLEUCH MH & REVEL M (2004) Development and validation of an Arabic rheumatoid hand disability scale. Disability & Rehabilitation 26 (11) 655-661.

GUMPEL TP & AWARTANI S (2003) A comparison of special education in Israel and Palestine: surface and deep structures. J. Special Education 1: 45-59.

GÜRSOY, Akilé (1995) Child mortality and the changing discourse on childhood in Turkey. In: Fernea (Ed.) Children in the Muslim Middle East (q.v.) 199-222.
Study of various policies and cultural factors in the 1980s causing higher than expected child mortality, sampling 1,025 households in a poor area of Istanbul.

GUTHKE, Jurgen & ACHMED, Al-Zoubi (1987) Kulturspezifische Differenzen in den Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM) und in einer Lerntestvariante der CPM. Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht 34: 306-311.
Study with learning and ability tests, comparing 200 East German children aged 6.5 - 8 years, with 241 Syrian children.

GUVS [General Union of Voluntary Societies in Jordan] (1994) Profile, Programs, Projects. Amman: GUVS.
pp. 15-17 outline disability projects.

HABIB G; ARTUL S; RATSON N; & FROOM P (2007) Household work disability of Arab housewives with rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical Rheumatology 26: 759-763.

HABIBI, Gulbadan (1993) Priorities of childhood disability programmes in Jordan. Amman: UNICEF.

HADIDI, Muna S (1985) Competencies necessary for teachers of visually handicapped students in Jordan as perceived by teacher educators, administrators, principals and teachers. Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University. 115 pp.

HADIDI MSZ (1998) Education of children with vision impairments in the Sultanate of Oman. International J. Disability, Development & Education 45: 423-429.

HADJIKAKOU K & BAMFORD J (2000) Prevalence and age of identification of permanent childhood hearing impairment in Cyprus. Audiology 39: 198-201.

HAFEZ M (1983) Demographic trends of Down's Syndrome in Egypt. J. Egyptian Medical Association 66: 495-507.

HAFEZ M (1984) Etiological factors in mental subnormality among Egyptian children. Gazette of the Egyptian Pediatric Association 32: 65-72.

HAGRASS, Heba (1998) Disability, gender and marriage. M.A. thesis, Department of Sociology, Anthropology, Psychology & Egyptology, American University in Cairo. 134 pp.

HAGRASS, Heba (2006) Definitions of disability and disability policy in Egypt. In: C Barnes & G Mercer (Eds.) The Social Model of Disability: Europe and the Majority World, 148-162. Leeds: Disability Press.
Mainly descriptive of current concepts and features of impairment and disability in Egypt. Hagrass points out (pp. 154-155) that the "charitable response to disability", while it may be questioned by campaigning groups in western countries, is perceived as quite appropriate in Islamic countries where religious belief is a major factor in the social context, the practice of Islam prompts individuals to give regularly on a charitable basis, and for many needy people there is no organised alternative source of welfare provision.

HAJRAS, Hiba (2002) Work in the life of a disabled woman. International Rehabilitation Review 51(2) & 52(1): 43-44.
[Presumably the same author as in the previous two items, differently transliterated.]

HAJ-YAHI MM & TAMISH S (2001) The rates of child sexual abuse and its psychological consequences as revealed by a study among Palestinian university students. Child Abuse & Neglect 25: 1303-1327.

HAKIMI-MANESH, Yahya, MOJDEHI, Hossein & TASHAKKORI, Abbas (1984) Effects of environmental enrichment on the mental and psychomotor development of orphanage children. J. Child Psychology & Psychiatry 25: 643-650.
Study of very brief daily extra interactions in an Iranian orphanage.

HAMAMI H (1987) Consanguineous mating in the Iraqi urban population and the effect on pregnancy outcome and infant mortality. Iraqi Medical J. 34: 75-80.

HAMDI T (1975) Multiple sclerosis in Iraq: a clinical and geomedical survey. J. Postgraduate Medicine 21: 1-9.

HAMDI, Tarik I; AL-HUSAINI, Ala A; & AL-HADITHI, Faiq (1977) The epilepsies: clinical and epidemiological aspects / availability and desirability of services. In: JK Penry (Ed.) Epilepsy. The Eight International Symposium, 393-399.
Various aspects of epilepsy in Iraq, with study data from 100 consecutive hospital admissions.

HAMID, Rajaa (1977) The welfare of the deaf and dumb in Iraq. Proceedings of the International Congress of the Deaf, Tokyo 1975, 135-136. Tokyo: Organizing Committee.

HAMMAD, Hala Jamal (1983) Child-rearing attitudes and practices of Jordanian mothers of four-year-old pre-schoolers in Amman. Ph.D. thesis, Utah State University. 216 pp.

HANUSHEK, Eric A & LAVY, Victor (1995) School Quality, Achievement Bias, and Drop-Out Behaviour in Egypt. Washington D.C.: World Bank. 36 pp.

HAQUE KN (1986) Cerebral palsy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Pakistan Pediatric J. 10: 1-12.

HAQUE KN; ZAINULABEDIN M; & AL-OMAIR A (1986) How far to investigate a child with cerebral palsy. Saudi Medical J. 7: 589-595.

HARRIS NDC & MUSTAFA N (1986) Teaching hearing-impaired children in Iraq using a new teaching method. Programmed Learning and Educational Technology 23: 159-165.
Briefly describes the state of schooling for hearing impaired children in Baghdad in the mid-1980s. A resource-based learning approach resulted in improved language use.

HARRISON A (1985) Handicapped individuals in Kuwait. Social Science & Medicine 20: 585-588.

EL-HASSAN, Karma (1991) The development of a school readiness test for use with pre-school children in Lebanon. Ph.D. thesis. University of London. 437 pp.

HASSAN, Nazira M (1958) An educational program for mentally retarded children in Egypt. Master's dissertation, University of Maryland. 99 pp.

HASSAN, Nawal Ahmed (1983) Child-rearing practices of Palestinian mothers of five-year-old children in the refugee camps of Jordan. Ph.D. thesis, University of Oregon. 234 pp.

HASSANZADEH S & KAKOJOIBARI AA (2000) Exclusive and inclusive education in Islamic Republic of Iran. In: Proceedings of 5th International Special Education Congress, University of Manchester, July 2000. (CD–Rom).
Abstract notes 70726 students with special needs in 816 special schools and 2029 such students in 219 special classes in ordinary schools.

AL-HASSEN M (1992) Needs of parents of children with disabilities in Jordan. Masters dissertation, Amman: University of Jordan.

HASSO MH (1985) The development of services for deaf children in Iraq. In: IG Taylor (Ed.) The Education of the Deaf. Current Perspectives, volume 4, pp. 2012-2017. London: Croom Helm.

HATHOUT, Hassan (1991) Islamic concepts and bioethics. In: BA Brody, BA Lustig, HT Engelhardt, LB McCullough (Eds.) Bioethics Yearbook. Volume 1. Theological developments in bioethics: 1988-1990, pp. 103-117.
While mostly silent on bioethical issues with disability involvement, this chapter illustrates Islamic principles and reasoning in the field.

HATOUM, Rima J (1974) Effectiveness of a behavior modification approach to the management of disruptive classroom behavior of mentally retarded children. M.A. thesis, American University in Beirut. iii + 86 pp.

AL-HAZMI, M (2000) Saudi National Survey of Children with Disability. Riyadh: Prince Salman Centre for Disability Research.

EL-HAZMI, Mohsen AF & WARSY, Arjumand S (1996) Genetic disorders among Arab populations. Saudi Medical J. 17: 108-123.
Heavily referenced biomedical review; geographical coverage from Morocco to Yemen.

HENDRIKS B, with Maha Farajin & Ahlam Khreysat (2004) An Introduction to the Grammar of Jordanian Sign Language. Salt: Al-Balqa Applied University.

HENDRIKS B & ZESHAN U (forthcoming) Sign languages in the Arab World. In: K Versteegh et al. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Leiden: Brill.

HERR, Stanley S (1992) Human rights and mental disability - perspectives in Israel. Israel Law Review 26: 142-194.

HEGAZY Ibrahim S, AL-BEYARI, Talal H, AL-AMRI Aladin H, QURESHI Naseem A, & ABDELGADIR, Muzamil H (1995) Congenital malformations in primary health care in Al-Qassim Region. Annals of Saudi Medicine 15: 48-53.
Epidemiological study of 1,736 people under 20 years with congenital malformations identified from medical records and door-to-door survey.

HELANDER, Einar (1977) Assignment Report. Proposed disability prevention and rehabilitation programme with special reference to cerebral palsy victims, Jordan, 25 Aug. - 8 Sept. 1977. EM/REH/22.

EL-HESSEN, Souraya S (2006) Disabilities. Arab States. In: S Joseph et al. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures, III: 98-99.
Brief outline of historical disability, and the social roles of disabled women in the modern Middle East.

HILAL, Walid (1995) Legislation to ensure the rights of disabled persons in Western Asia. Population Bulletin of ESCWA 41-42 / 1993-1994, pp. 5-51. [UN Economic & Social Commission for Western Asia]
[Eastern Arab countries]

AL HILAWANI, Yasser A (2000) Cognitive behaviour modification: a technique for teaching subtraction skills to hearing and deaf/hard of hearing elementary students. International J. Rehabilitation Research 23: 271-275.

AL-HILAWANI YA (2003) Clinical examination of three methods of teaching reading comprehension to deaf and hard-of-hearing students: from research to classroom applications. J. Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 8: 146-156.
(Conducted in the United Arab Emirates)

EL-HILU, SM (1990) Social aspects of epilepsy in Kuwait. International J. Social Psychiatry 36: 68-73.

HINCHCLIFFE, Archie (1994) Exploratory report on the situation of disability in Jordan.

HOLY Land Institute for the Deaf. Salt, Jordan, 1964 -1989. 28 pp. English-Arabic booklet detailing the work in first 25 years of this special education centre.

HOODFAR, Homa (1995) Child care and child health in low-income neighbourhoods of Cairo. In: Fernea (Ed.) Children in the Muslim Middle East (q.v.) 146-167.
Based on two years of anthropological fieldwork among 70 families in the 1980s.

HOSSEINI SA (1990) The first six months' conclusions of mental health programme in a region of 20,000 population in North East of Iran. Paper presented at the Eighth International Psychiatric Conference, 11-14 Dec. 1990, Islamabad. Pakistan Psychiatric Society.
Among 126 cases treated in an Iranian rural-urban program to add a mental health component to Primary Health Care delivery, 49% were mentally retarded.

HOVAV M & RAMOT A (1998) The development of welfare services for the mentally handicapped in Israel. Social Security 5: 142-162.

HULME, Peter (1997) Support to training for inclusive education: Jordan. Assignment report, 4 July 1997. FMR/ED/BAS/97/223(SA). 22 pp. UNESCO.

HUNT, Joseph M (1982) Towards equalizing the developmental opportunities of infants and preschool children. J. Social Issues 38: 163-191.
Lengthy theoretical background, then reviews (pp. 180-188) a ten year program with orphanage children in Iran, with increasing levels of compensatory stimulation.

AL-HUSNI, Hussein Ahmed (1992) Study of the disabled in Democratic Yemen. In: Proceedings of the Conference on the Capabilities and Needs of Disabled Persons in the ESCWA Region: 20-28 November, 1989, Amman, Jordan, 311-337. United Nations, Economic & Social Commission for Western Asia. E/ESCWA/SD/1992/2.

AL-HUSNI HA (1992) Study of the disabled in the Yemen Arab Republic. In: Proceedings of the Conference on the Capabilities and Needs of Disabled Persons in the ESCWA Region: 20-28 November, 1989, Amman, Jordan, pp. 588-. United Nations, Economic & Social Commission for Western Asia. E/ESCWA/SD/1992/2.

HUSSAIN MA (1999) Automatic recognition of sign language gestures. M.S. thesis, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan.

EL-HUSSEINI, Basil (1992) Care of the disabled in Iraq. In: Proceedings of the Conference on the Capabilities and Needs of Disabled Persons in the ESCWA Region: 20-28 November, 1989, Amman, Jordan, 366-376. United Nations, Economic & Social Commission for Western Asia. E/ESCWA/SD/1992/2.

AL-HUSSEINI, Hashem (1992) Disabled persons in Lebanon. In: Proceedings of the Conference on the Capabilities and Needs of Disabled Persons in the ESCWA Region: 20-28 November, 1989, Amman, Jordan, 422-442. United Nations, Economic & Social Commission for Western Asia. E/ESCWA/SD/1992/2.

HUSSEINI, Hashim & HOURI, Marawan (1982) A summary report on preliminary study of disabled people in Lebanon.

IBRAHAM HHA (1976) Existing mental health services in Syria and their development. EM/Ment/76. Alexandria: World Health Organisation / Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office.

IBRAHIM, Hala T [1994] The resource room at the Amman National School. In: Making It Happen. Examples of good practice in special needs education & community-based programmes, 55-59. Paris: UNESCO.
Resource room for children with special needs in an ordinary school in Jordan.

IBRAHIM MA, KORDY MN, AIDEROUS AH & BAHNASSY A (1990) Leprosy in Saudi Arabia, 1986-89. Leprosy Review 61: 379-385.
Centre based study of 792 patients.

IBRAHIM, Safia S (1989) Poliomyelitis in Egypt: efficacy of mass campaigns. International Disability Studies 11: 171-174.

INTERNATIONAL Labour Office (1971) Report to the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic on the Vocational Rehabilitation of the Disabled. ILO/OTA/Syria/R.17 Geneva 117 pp.

INTERNATIONAL Labour Office (1975) Vocational training services for disabled persons including the blind, SYR/72/015 & SYR/72/023, Syrian Arab Republic: project findings and recommendations: report prepared for the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic. Geneva: UNDP. 9 pp.

INTERNATIONAL Labour Office (1976) Vocational rehabilitation of the disabled, Iran: vocational evaluation and counselling services for the disabled: report. Geneva. 42 pp.

INTERNATIONAL Labour Office (1987) Report of the Workshop on the Development of Policies and Programmes for Social and Vocational Rehabilitation For Disabled Women in the Middle East Region, held in Amman, Jordan. Amman: ILO. 79 pp.

IRAN. Islamic Republic of Iran Welfare Organisation (Ed.) (1989) Persian Sign Language Collection. For the Deaf. Education & Research Office, Rehabilitation Research Group. 229 pp.

IRAN. Welfare Organisation. Assistant of Rehabilitation Affairs. Deaf People Rehabilitation in Iran. Tehran. 10 pp.

EL-ISLAM, M Fakhr (1982) Arabic cultural psychiatry. Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review 19: 5-24.

EL-ISLAM MF & ABU-DAGGA, Sanaa I (1992) Lay explanations of symptoms of mental ill health in Kuwait. International J. Social Psychiatry 38 (2) 150-56.
Study of 208 people giving their explanations of 12 symptoms commonly presenting in people with mental illness.

AL-ISSA, Ihsan (Ed.) (2000) Al-Junun: mental illness in the Islamic world. Madison, Conn.: International Universities Press. xv + 382 pp.
Substantial collection of well-referenced modern chapters on mental illness, with contributions on religion and historical topics (Al-Issa, pp. 3-70); Forensic psychiatry and Islamic law (K Chaleby, 71-98); Algeria (Al-Issa, 101-119); Kuwait & Qatar (MF El-Islam, 121-137); Iran (F Mehrabi et al., 139-161); Malaysia (MZ Azhar & SL Varma, 163-186); Pakistan (Mubbashar, 187-203); Saudi Arabia (A Al-Subaie & A Alhamad, 205-233); and various types of illness and their treatments in Arab and Muslim cultures (e.g. Al-Abdul-Jabbar & Al-Issa, 277-293).

AL-ISSA, I (2000) Does the Muslim religion make a difference in psychopathology? In: I. Al-Issa (Ed.) Al-Junun: mental illness in the Islamic world, 315-353. Madison, Conn.: International Universities Press.
The author discusses his question at length and in detail, and with a fairly impartial attitude, noting the problems of differentiating causal factors in mental illness or in its remedies. He finds that insufficient research has been reported in Muslim countries for any clear conclusions to be drawn.

ITANI M & BARAKAT AY (1986) Down's syndrome and choanal atresia. Lebanese Medical J. 36: 157 158.

IZUORA, G Ike & ANIS, Ali Syed (1992) Neurological disorders in Saudi children at the Al-Majardah General Hospital, Asir Region. Annals of Saudi Medicine 12: 191-195.
Study of 180 children, 74% below 6 years.

JABBAR, Mohammad Abdul & AL-SHAMMARI, Sulaiman A (1993) Compliance in Saudi epileptic patients: determinants of compliance in Saudi epileptic patients. Annals of Saudi Medicine 13: 60-63.
Study of 104 patients aged 15-45 years, attending hospital clinic.

JACOBS NA & MARINCEK G (1993) Report of the workshop for key medical and technical personnel in prosthetics and orthotics for Western Asia and East Mediterranean Region. Amman, Jordan, 8-15 October 1993. Lubljana: University Rehabilitation Institute. 135 pp.

AL-JADDOU H & MALKAWI A (1997) Prevalence, recognition and management of mental disorders in primary health care in Northern Jordan. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 96: 31-35.

JALLON, Adnan Darweish (1977) The principles and management of activities for the handicapped and physically disabled in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Diploma dissertation, Institute of Education, University of Leeds. iii + 85 pp.

JANDE V (1979) Assignment Report. Rehabilitation of Handicapped Children, Iraq, 9-29 December 1978. EM/REH/28.

JANSON, Staffan (1995) Life and health of Jordanian children. In: Fernea (Ed.) Children in the Muslim Middle East (q.v.) 176-198.
Based on three years' suburban child health work 1986-1989, with some disability concerns (see next item).

JANSON S & DAWANI H (1994) Chronic illness in preschool Jordanian children. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 14: 137-144.
Prevalence study of 2528 children 0-7 years in suburb of Amman; 7.8% had disability or chronic disease, 2.8% moderately or severely affected.

JANSON S; JAYAKODDY A; ABULABAN A; & GUSTAVSON K-H (1990) Severe mental retardation in Jordanian children. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 1099-1104.
Study of 203 children with mental retardation (many with further impairments) in an institution near Amman. (NB JANSON S also appears as JANSSON S)].

AL-JARRAH, Omar A & HALAWANI, Alaa (2001) Recognition of gestures in Arabic Sign Language using neuro-fuzzy systems. Artificial Intelligence 133 (1-2) 117-138.

JEBEJIAN R & KECHICIAN A (1975) La cécité en Syrie et l'évolution des ses causes depuis 1950. Revue Internationale du Trachome et de Pathologie Oculaire Tropicale et Subtropicale. 52 (1-2): 91-105.

AL-JIBALY, Muhammad (1998) The Inevitable Journey Part I. Sickness: Regulations & Exhortations. Arlington, Tx: Al Kitaab & Al Sunnah Publishing.
pp. 101 134 concern "Regulations for the Disabled", with quotations from Qur'an and hadiths, meanings of disability, duties of the Muslim Community towards disabled people, and some discussion of the rights and wrongs of 'western' rehabilitation approaches. Based on work in Arabic by Abd ul Ilaah Bin `Uthmaan ash Shaayi and by Abd ur Rahmaan `Abd ul Khaaliq.

JOHANNSON C (1989) Technical memorandum on vocational rehabilitation of the disabled in the Occupied Territories. Mission Report. Geneva: International Labour Office.

JOHNSON, Peter R & EL-HATO, Sabah (1990) Infant development programmes: consumer satisfaction in the Gaza Strip. British J. Mental Subnormality 36: 30-36.

JOHNSON PR & EL-HATO S (1995) Socio-economic conditions of Palestinian families with handicapped children. International J. Special Education 10: 72-81.

JOINT Board for Postgraduate Medical Education (1984) Services for the handicapped in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Document of the 'Symposium on Infant Handicap and Inborn Errors of Metabolism', Riyadh, 1984. Riyadh: Joint Board Office, College of Medicine, King Saud University. 8 pp.

JONES BR; DAROUGAR S; MOHSENINE H; & PORIER RH (1976) Communicable ophthalmia: the blinding scourge of the Middle East. British J. Ophthalmology 60: 492-498.

JORDAN Design & Trade Centre [1992] Better understanding and contribution to our rehabilitation centre. Management training program for local committees of Community Rehabilitation Programs in UNRWA's camps. Final Report, August - October 1992. Jordan D&TC. 106 pp. (part English, part Arabic)

JORDAN. Min. Social Development (1979) Survey on Mental Retardation. Amman.
Survey based on family interviews, apparently without independent verification. (See JANSON et al., above.)

JORDAN. National Center for Hearing Studies. [no date] Jordanian Sign Language (Lughat al-Isharah al-Urduniah). Amman: Al Markiz al-Watani Lil-Sam'iyat.

JORDAN. National Council for the Welfare of Disabled Persons (1994) Law 12 / 1993. Law for the welfare of disabled persons. Amman.

AL-JURAYYAN, Nasir AM; AL-NUAIM, Abdulrahman A; REDHA, Merfat A; EL-DESOUKI, Mahmoud I; et al. (1996) Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism in Riyadh: analysis of six years' experience. Annals of Saudi Medicine 16: 20-23.

KABATILO, Ziad Salah (1982) A pilot description of indigenous signs used by deaf persons in Jordan. Ph.D. thesis, Michigan State University. 204 pp. [Detailed abstract: http://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/bibweb/]

KABBARA, Nawaf (1996) A case-study of Lebanon. In: J Hodges & C Raskin (Eds.) Affirmative Action in Employment: ethnic minorities and persons with disabilities. Geneva: International Labour Office.

KABBARA N (2000) Disability research in the Arab world. Presentation at International Conference on Disability Studies, 17-18 October, 2000.

KABIRAJ MM; AL RAJEH S; AWADA A; ABDULJABBAR M; DAIF A; et al. (1997) Centro temporal benign epilepsy in Saudi children. Seizure 6: 139 144.

KAJBAF, Mohammed Bagher (1999) Diagnosis of mental retardation on the basis of Piagetian tests and Wechsler test. Research Bulletin of Isfahan University 9 (1,2).

KAMAL, Hanan (1992) The situation of the disabled: their capacities and needs in Bahrain. In: Proceedings of the Conference on the Capabilities and Needs of Disabled Persons in the ESCWA Region: 20-28 November, 1989, Amman, Jordan, 293-310. United Nations, Economic & Social Commission for Western Asia. E/ESCWA/SD/1992/2.

KANAWATI CA (1995) Intraocular lens implantation in children in the West Bank and Gaza. Eye 9: 783 793.

KANDEL I; MORAD M; VARDI G; PRESS J; & MERRICK J (2004) The Arab community in Israel coping with intellectual and developmental disability. Scientific World J. 4: 324-332.

KANTARCI O; SIVA A; ERAKSOY M; KARABUDAK R; SUTLAS N; et al. (1998) Survival and predictors of disability in Turkish MS patients. Turkish Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (TUMSSG). Neurology 51: 765-772.
Multi-centre study with 1,259 people having MS.

KAPLAN I (1995) Mental disorders and disability in a primary health care clinic in semi-rural area. Turkish J. Psychiatry 6: 169-179.

KAPUR YP (1988) Development of hearing and speech services in Kuwait - Arabian Gulf. Scandinavian Audiology Supplementum 28: 91-93.

KARAM F (1980) Acoustic trauma in unprotected airport workers. Lebanese Medical J. 31: 281-285.

KARGIN, Tevhide (2004) Effectiveness of a family-focused Early Intervention Program in the education of children with hearing impairments living in rural areas. International J. Disability, Development & Education 51: 401-418.
Well referenced report on post-doctoral research in Turkey.

KASSIR G & SALMAN S (1986) Le begaiement. Presentation de cas. Lebanese Medical J. 36: 171-173.

KASSIR M (1996) Etude exhaustive de la fréquence des troubles visuels chez les enfants âgés de 5 à 18 ans d'un collège libanais. Santé 6: 323 326.
Study of 935 children at a school at Saida, Lebanon.

KATTAN, Hoda (1994) Child abuse in Saudi Arabia: report of ten cases. Annals of Saudi Medicine 14: 129-133.
Ten children seen at a central hospital from 1986 to 1992, in whom physical and/or sexual abuse was diagnosed.

KATZ S; SHURKA E; & FLORIAN V (1978) The relationship between physical disability, social perception and psychological stress. Scandinavian J. Rehabilitation Medicine 10: 109-113.

KEARNEY CA; SMITH PA; & TILLOTSON CA (2002) Assessment and prediction of mental retardation in Saudi children. J. Developmental and Physical Disabilities 14: 77-86.

AL KHALAF, Abdul Rahman S (1993) Education of the Blind in the Arabic World and the Beginning of Braille in the Arabic World. Saudi Arabia: Chibol. 158 pp.

KHALAF, Serge Aziz George (1977) The rehabilitation center for war handicapped in Jamhour - Lebanon: research for final project. Beirut: American University of Beirut. 52 pp.

KHALILI, Shiva; MURKEN S; REICH KH; SHAH AA; & VAHABZADEH A (2002) Religion and mental health in cultural perspective: observations and reflections after the First International Congress on Religion and Mental Health, Tehran, 16-19 April 2001. International J. for the Psychology of Religion 12 (4) 217-237.
This international congress reportedly "enlarged the horizon of the non-Islamic participants as to the interrelation between religion and psychology as well as psychotherapy in Islamic countries", and individual sections of this paper support the claim, with useful observations on the differences of stance among international participants, towards the topics discussed.

KHAMIS, Vivian (1989) Special education programs for the disabled children in Iraq. Report to UNICEF.

KHAMIS V (1994) Teacher attitudes towards the special education placement of mentally handicapped children in the West Bank. [Unpublished.] Bethlehem University.

KHANDEKAR, Rajiv & AL KHABORI, Mazin (2004) Double disability: the hearing-impaired blind in the Sultanate of Oman. International J. Audiology 43: 172-176.

KHANDEKAR R & MOHAMMED AJ (2005) Assessment and care of children with low vision disability in Oman. Situation analysis. Saudi Medical J. 26: 1028-1030.

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KOTBY MN (1975) Assignment Report. Speech Therapy, Iraq, 13-28 Sept. 1975. EM/REH/19.

KRAMMER U (1990) Medical Study on the Physiotherapy Emergency Programme in Gaza Strip. [Report to UNICEF / UNRWA.]

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Many modern Islamic states are making efforts to modernise and incorporate both the theory and practice of zakat, as one means of reducing the gaps between the wealthy and the poor, and of targeting specific needy people among the latter. This chapter reflects on the historical debate and development of the ideas and practices in different periods, and the difficulties of making appropriate use of this 'pillar of Islam'.

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[Listed below in 1751-1970 section, with notes on historical material.]

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See also LAQIS (below).

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LANCASTER-GAYE, Derek & HOSKING, Gwilym (Eds.) (1985) Syria 1985. A report on a Cerebral Palsy Overseas team visit. London: CPO. 44 pp. + 15 pp. appendices.

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LAQIS, Sylvana (1994) An introduction to Lebanon and the Lebanese Sitting Handicapped Association. ActionAid Disability News 5 (2) 96-97.
See also LAKKIS (above).

LEAGUE of Arab States, Secretariat (1980) The Situation of Disabled Persons in the Arab World. Tunis.

LEAGUE of Arab States. (1980) Seminar on the Social and Vocational Integration of the Disabled. Tunis.

LIFSHITZ, Hefziba & GLAUBMAN, Rivka (2002) Religious and secular students' sense of self-efficacy and attitudes toward inclusion of pupils with i